Science 8 Learner's Module

Click the LINK below to DOWNLOAD a copy.

Science 8 Learner's Module

My PRC License Renewal Experience (2019)

Since it is vacation I will be renewing my long overdue license (whew!). For the first time I was not on time because of the 'not so clear policy' regarding Continuing Professional Development (CPD) units. I have seminars and graduate study but I am hesitant if I will be able to comply with the required number of units. Thanks to the efforts of Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT), the guidelines now is much easier to comply. From the required 45 credit units (CU) it is now reduced to 15 CU. In-service trainings and capacity-building workshops of government units and private employers shall be credited and considered as CPD compliant. (Still it is not clear how they evaluate the number of credit units based on the seminars given by DepEd). I think DepEd certificates of attendance should indicate the number of hours and more importantly the number of CU.

So what's the process?

1. You have to REGISTER ONLINE first at online.prc.gov.ph or online1.prc.gov.ph and create an account. Supply the personal data required and upload 2 by 2 picture. (Click the link for the detailed instruction on how to Register Online.) 

2.  Online Renewal
Sign in to your account with your email address and password.
Click "SELECT TRANSACTION"

Select and click "RENEWAL"

Click the Drop down menu and select "PROFESSIONAL TEACHER"

Enter your PRC Registration Number. 

Click "PROCEED."

You will be directed to APPOINTMENT page...

There is a drop down menu again for your preferred PRC Regional Office where you intend to process your renewal.

An automatic suggested date for your processing will pop up but there's an option of rescheduling the date if the suggested is not possible for you.

In my case I've chosen the Office with the earliest appointment and it turned out to be at PRC Robinsons Las Pinas.

After setting the appointment, you may now select your preferred payment option. I have chosen the "PRC Cashier" option. 

You will be given a 12-digit reference number (actually it's a combination of letters and numbers) and you will be instructed to take a photo or screenshot of this reference number since you will be showing this to the cashier upon payment.

I visited the branch to inquire if I can pay to their cashier ahead of the scheduled date thinking of the possible queue on the scheduled date but they say that it is not allowed. I'm not sure with the other payment options if it is allowed. 

By the way, you may now print the Application for Professional Identification Card (PIC) Form even before payment of your transaction. Just click, "Existing Transaction" and click, "Print Document." The paper sized is already set to A4.

3. Proceed to your preferred PRC Regional Office on the Appointment Date 

*Don't forget to bring with you the following:
a.) Printed Application for Professional Identification Card (PIC) 
b.) Screenshot/image of 12-digit Reference Number
c.) Certificates/Documents for CPD Units
d.) Cash for Renewal Fee and Surcharges (Penalty) for long overdue license

Teachers may renew their PRC ID without having to fully comply with the CPD requirement from January 2019 to December 2020. The only requirement is that, he/she must execute an “Affidavit of Undertaking” which is already included in the PRC ID Renewal Form.

I have submitted certificates of participation as well as some certificates of speakership. After submission you will be asked to wait for your new PRC Identification Card (PIC).

I would say that this process is a lot more convenient compared to what I've experienced then. 

Thanks for visiting my blog. I would love to hear from you. Leave a comment below... 

References:
Photo Credits. prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/LERIS-Step-by-Step-Procedure.pdf

PRC Resolution No. 2019-990, s.2019. Amending Relevant Provisions of Resolution No 1032 (s.2107) otherwise known as the "Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10912, known as the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016. prc.gov.ph

Matrix of CPD Activities. Annex B. PRC Resolution No. 2019-990, s.2019. Amendments to the Revised Guidelines on the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Program for all Registered and Licensed Professionals. prc.gov.ph

How to REGISTER ONLINE at PRC

Online Registration is now a requirement for some transactions at Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

Before you register online, prepare first the following:
1. Soft Copy of your 2 by 2 photo SAVED in your computer or device (.jpg format, white background, taken no more than 6 months prior to uploading, attire must be decent with collar, DO NOT WEAR eyeglasses, photo has NO shadows, ears are NOT covered)
2. Valid e-mail address
3. Personal Data including the date of your Graduation
4. PRC Card Registration Number (seen infront of your PRC Identification Card)

To proceed to your online registration, visit the following sites,
online.prc.gov.ph or online1.prc.gov.ph

Upon entering the site there will be dialogue boxes that will appear, just click "OK" to proceed.
Dialogue Box 1: CPD Compliance
Dialogue Box 2: No Same-Day Appointment Policy
Dialogue Box 3: Creation of New Account @online.prc.gov.ph
Dialogue Bix 4: Step by Step Procedure

For FIRST TIMERS,
read the TERMS of Service (scroll it down), then click the button "I Agree."
You may now click REGISTER and fill in the required data.

After clicking the green button, "REGISTER", you may now SIGN IN with your e-mail address and password and comply with the CAPTCHA to verify that you are not a robot.

You will now be required to complete your Profile by supplying your Personal Data.

Then you have to upload your 2 by 2 ID picture. (Follow the Requirements for Photo as stated above to avoid disapproval or delay)

You should zoom in or out your photo to match the size of the square.

That's it! You are now REGISTERED ONLINE at PRC.


You may also read some related post about this topic...

My PRC License Renewal Experience (2019)

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for RENEWAL of Teacher's LICENSE (2019)


References:

Photo Credits. prc.gov.ph/sites/default/files/LERIS-Step-by-Step-Procedure.pdf

Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for RENEWAL of Teacher's LICENSE (2019)

For professionals, like teachers, to legally practice our chosen profession in the Philippines we are mandated to have a license from Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) and renew it every three years thereafter. With the passage of the CPD Act of 2016 (RA 10912) professionals are now required to comply with the prescribed number of credit units (CU) upon renewal of license.

Recently (February 2019), the PRC issued Resolution No. 2019-1146 which amended parts of Resolution 1032 series of 2017 or the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of the CPD Act of 2016. New transitory provisions will take effect starting March 2019. Under the IRR transitory provisions of the CPD Law:

1. Professionals working abroad (overseas) are not required to comply with the CPD requirement;
2. New board exam passers and recently licensed professionals shall also not be covered by the CPD requirement; and finally, the good news…
3. The required CPD credits have been reduced to no more than fifteen (15) CPD units.

How do you earn CPD Units (CU)?

Below is the Matrix of CPD Activities identified by PRC with corresponding CU and the required proof or evidence.

Teachers may renew their PRC ID without having to fully comply with the CPD requirement from January 2019 to December 2020. The only requirement is that, he/she must execute an “Affidavit of Undertaking” which is already included in the PRC ID Renewal Form.


You may also read some related post about this topic...

My PRC License Renewal Experience (2019)

How to REGISTER ONLINE at PRC

Reference:

PRC Resolution No. 2019-990, s.2019. Amending Relevant Provisions of Resolution No 1032 (s.2107) otherwise known as the "Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act No. 10912, known as the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Act of 2016. prc.gov.ph

Matrix of CPD Activities. Annex B. PRC Resolution No. 2019-990, s.2019. Amendments to the Revised Guidelines on the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Program for all Registered and Licensed Professionals. prc.gov.ph

Daily Lesson Log (DLL) in 7Es Format

J.P.

Click the following link to download DLL format in 7Es:
DLL Format in 7Es pdf file
DLL Format in 7Es word file


The 7Es Model is not a new format for Daily Lesson Log as prescribed by DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2015. Instead it is an Instructional Model that can be integrated in our DLL.

DLL in 5Es and 7Es Format

References:
How to Prepare the DLL. https://tsoktok.blogspot.com/2017/01/how-to-prepare-dll.html

DLL/DLP and the Science Inquiry. Presented by M.Pacheco during the RTOT on Science 4 & 8 Critical Content.

On becoming a YES-O Adviser

J.P.

In Junior High School, one of the science-related organization recognized under the guidance and supervision of science teachers is the Youth for Environment in Schools Organization (YES-O). This organization focuses on campaign for Environmental Awareness and Protection. Students are involved in different activities that teaches them the importance of protecting our environment.

The Youth for Environment in Schools (YES) Organization shall have the following objectives:

• Be aware and create awareness in others of the state of the Philippine environment and ecology, including prevailing issues and concerns relative thereto;
• Establish specific and doable programs, projects and activities to address issues and concerns on the environment and ecology;
• Network with other government and non-government organizations, including Youth for Environment in Schools (YES) Organizations in other schools within the division and region, with regard to support and assistance to programs, projects and activities of the organization;
• Encourage community participation and initiative in environmental and ecological movements and actions; and
• Develop among members and the community proper environmental values, skills and attitudes.

The following programs, projects and activities may form part of the regular undertaking of the Youth for Environment in Schools (YES) Organization:

• Clean-Up Drive inside and surrounding the school premises, including public and common areas in the community
• Waste Management, Segregation and Recycling Program
• Awareness Campaigns to Address Specific Issues such as Pollution, Sanitation and Health
• Symposia/Trainings
• Nursery Establishment and Tree-Planting Activities
• Fun Run for the Environment
• Youth for Environment Summer Camp

Click the link below to download the Constitution and By-laws of YES-O

Constitution and By-laws of YES-O


Click the link below to download YES-O Membership Form.
Membership Form

References:
DepEd Order No. 93, s. 2011.Mandated Programs, Projects and Activities, Various Forms and Targets Pertinent to the Youth for Environment in Schools (YES) Program.

DepEd Order No. 72, s. 2003. Establishment of the Youth for Environment in Schools (YES) Organization

Introducing ZipGrade: No Need to Check Papers at Home!

by: J. Policarpio

ZipGrade App

Last March 15, 2013, I have shared a blog about "Making Multiple-Choice Exam Easy to Check" which discusses on how to manually rate a Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ) Exam easily & conveniently.

How about grading your MCQ Exam just using the camera of your android (or iOS) phone? What if you can have already the Item Analysis just after after grading all the Answer Sheets of your students???

What? - Yes, fellow teachers, you've  read it right!

All of  these are now possible with the use of a mobile application called ZipGgrade.

First, you have to download the ZipGrade at Google Play Store for Android users and at App Store for iOS users. Explore the Application.

Second, download the Answer Sheet to their website. Answer sheets are available in multiple sizes and formats to meet different teacher needs. For general use, use the PDF version. The PNG versions are useful for customizing or importing into other documents. For best scanning results, print on standard white copier paper.

ZipGgrade Interface

Third, prepare your Key Answer.

You can easily input the Key Answer to your Exam

That's it. After administering the exam, you can now start checking the papers using the App and the camera of your phone!

And the best thing after grading all the Answer Sheets is the Item Analysis.

After grading the Students' Responses, you can view the general stat of your exam like Mean, SD, Min & Max.

The best thing about this App is it comes with an instant Item Analysis of the Exam!

The application is free which comes with monthly scan limit of 100 papers per month. The best thing is it works offline. For unlimited scan per year you have to pay a minimal subscription fee.


References:
Making Multiple-Choice Exam Easy to Check. (15 March 2013). https://tsoktok.blogspot.com/2013/03/making-multiple-choice-exam-easy-to.html

ZipGrade Website. https://www.zipgrade.com/

Licensed Teachers to Affix "LPT" to Their Names

In a Twitter post of the Professional Regulation Commission (@PRC_main) last 26 April 2017, it says, "Only Registered and Licensed Professional Teacher to Affix The Professional Title "LPT"..."

Pursuant to Board Resolution No. 01 - 2017 of the Board of Professional Teachers, only registered and licensed teachers will be allowed to append to their names the professional title "LPT".

References:

Only Registered and Licensed Professional Teacher to Affix The Professional Title “LPT” (26 April 2017). http://prc.gov.ph/news/?id=6533

Professional Regulatory Board for Professional Teachers Resolution No. 01, series of 2017. Allowing Only Registered and Licensed Professional Teachers to Use and Append to their Names the Professional Title "LPT". http://prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/prof_teacher_reso2017-01.pdf

Personal Data Sheet (PDS) CS Form 212 (Revised 2017)

DOWNLOAD Personal Data Sheet (PDS) CS F212 here

DOWNLOAD PDS Attachment (Work Experience) here

GUIDE TO FILLING OUT THE PERSONAL DATA SHEET (PDS)

Warning:

Any misrepresentation made in the Personal Data Sheet and the Work Experience Sheet shall cause the filing of administrative/criminal case/s against the person concerned. 

Please fill out each of the fields in the PDS when applicable. 

Note:
• The PDS may be accomplished using the MS Word format or MS Excel format.

• In the MS Excel format, all the tick boxes will automatically be marked once clicked.

• The PDS must bear the signature of the employee and date of accomplishment at the bottom of every page.

• Entries in the PDS may be filled out through handwriting or via typewriter/computer.  If handwritten, entries should be in block capital (e.g. PRINT) format using a pen.  

• All information should be provided accurately.

• Do not leave blank entries.  Put N/A if not applicable.
• For purposes of application to a vacant position, the additional sheet for work experience should be accomplished.

I. Personal Information

• Employee’s name is to be filled out in the following format:  surname, first name, name extension (if any), middle name.  A space is allotted for each character or letter in the name.
• Dates are in numeric format: mm/dd/yyyy
• Specifics should be given to “Others” response in the civil status field.
• Agency employee number refers to employee ID number in the current agency.
• For holders of foreign/dual citizenship, please select from the dropdown list the foreign country where you were born/naturalized or type/write the same in the space provided therein.

II. Family Background

• Names of spouse and parents are to be filled out the following format: surname, first name, name extension (if any), middle name.
• Mother’s name is her maiden name, or name when she was single or before marriage.
• List full names (first name and surname) of ALL your children.
• Date of birth is in numeric format: mm/dd/yyyy

III. Educational Background

• Indicate FULL name of schools.  DO NOT ABBREVIATE.
• For Elementary Level, indicate PRIMARY EDUCATION if graduated 
• For Secondary Level, indicate HIGH SCHOOL if graduated under the old curriculum; or JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL or SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL if graduated under the K-12 curriculum.
• Indicate in FULL all courses taken in college (e.g. ASSOCIATE IN ARTS, AB ECONOMICS, BS PSYCHOLOGY, MA IN HISTORY).
• Indicate all masters or doctorate degrees taken.
• If graduated for every level, indicate year of graduation.
• If not graduated in any level, indicate the highest grade, level or units earned.
• Period of attendance are stated in school years (e.g. 1992-1996)
• Indicate any scholarship and/or academic honors received in each level.

IV. Civil Service Eligibility

• Indicate all civil service eligibilities earned with corresponding rating, date and place of examination/conferment.

Example:

Career Service Sub-Professional EO132/790 – Veteran Preference Rating
Career Service Professional PD 907 – Honor Graduate
Career Service Executive RA 7883 – Barangay Health Worker
Stenographer Barangay Official 
PD 997 – Scientific and Technological Specialist

• If earned eligibility entails a license (RA 1080), indicate the license number and its date of validity.

V. Work Experience

• Indicate all positions held both in the public and private employment starting from current work.
• Inclusive dates are indicated in numeric format: mm/dd/yyyy.
• Indicate FULL position titles and COMPLETE NAME of department/agency/office/company.  DO NOT ABBREVIATE.
• Indicate monthly salary in figures (e.g. P21,877).
• Salary grade and salary step, if applicable, should be stated in the format ”00-0” (e.g. 24-2, 24 for salary grade, 2 for salary step)
• Indicate status of employment (e.g. permanent, temporary, casual, contractual)
• Indicate “yes” under government service if position held is in the public or government employment or “no” if held in the private employment.
• Additional sheet for work experience should be accomplished and submitted together with the PDS in case of application to a vacant position. This should be accomplished only for work experience relevant to the position being applied to.

VI. Voluntary Work or Involvement in Civic/Non-Government/People/ Voluntary Organizations

• Indicate the FULL name and address of the organization where involved as voluntary worker.
• Inclusive dates, start (from) and end (to) should be in numeric format: mm/dd/yyyy.
• Indicate the number of hours of voluntary work rendered.
• Indicate the position/nature of voluntary work rendered.

VII. Learning and Development Interventions

• Indicate FULL titles of learning and development (L&D) interventions attended during employment.  Indicate list from the most recent L&D.
• Inclusive dates of attendance, start (from) and end (to) should be in numeric format: mm/dd/yyyy.
• Indicate the number of hours attended for program.
• Indicate the type of L&D intervention (e.g. managerial, supervisory, technical).
• Indicate the FULL name of institution/agency that conducted or sponsored the program.  DO NOT ABBREVIATE.  (e.g. CSC should be Civil Service Commission).
  
VIII. Other Information

• Indicate special skills /hobbies.
• Indicate in FULL non-academic distinctions/recognition (awards received)
• Indicate membership in any professional association/organization by writing in FULL said association/organization.


# 34-40
• Indicate response to questions 34 to 40 on the right side of the sheet.
• Provide details or specifications for any yes response.

# 41
• Indicate the FULL name of references with the format FIRST NAME, MI, SURNAME, their addresses and respective telephone numbers.

# 42
• As agreement to and for completion of the PDS, the employee’s signature and right thumb mark should be affixed in the boxes provided.  Indicate also the government ID number and date of issuance in the boxes provided.  Lastly, attach a RECENT PASSPORT SIZE (4.5 cm. x 3.5 cm.) picture with COMPLETE AND HANDWRITTEN NAME TAG and SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME. Picture must be taken within the last six (6) months. Computer generated or photocopied picture is not acceptable. 

Reference: 

csc.gov.ph/2014-02-21-08-28-23/pdf-files/category/861-personal-data-sheet-revised-2017.html

Guidelines: Master Teacher I to IV Promotion

Contents

Implementing Rules and Regulations for the System of Career Progression for Public School Teachers

Criteria for Master Teacher

Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of the System of Career Progression for Public School Teachers


Credit Points for Leadership, Potential And Accomplishment

DOWNLOAD a copy of MEC 10 s.1979 here (pdf)


Reference: MEC 10, s.1979 Implementing Rules and Regulations for the System of Career Progression for Public School Teachers

DepEd's New Policy on Giving Awards and Recognition (for High School)

Rationale

The new policy aims to give all learners equal opportunity to excel in relation to the standard set by the curriculum and focus on their own performance rather than to compete with one another.

It recognizes that all students have their unique strengths that need to be identified, strengthened, and publicly acknowledged.

The awards aim to acknowledge and promote student excellence and to provide formal recognition of student achievements that can motivate learners to strive for excellence in academic, leadership, and social responsibility.


What awards do we give?

DepEd Order No. 36 s.2016 specifies 3 types of awards, namely; Classroom Awards, Grade-level Awards & Special Recognition.

CLASSROOM AWARDS

• are recognition given to learners in each class or section. 

• A simple recognition may be given per quarter, semester, or at the end of the school year. 

• Awardees are given merit by the adviser and or other subject teachers in recognition of the learners’ outstanding performance in class.

GRADE-LEVEL AWARDS

• are given to qualified learners for every grade level at the end of the school year. 
• Candidates for the awards are deliberated by the Awards Committee (AC) if they have met the given criteria.

SPECIAL RECOGNITION

• is given by the school to the learners who have represented and/or won in competitions at the district, division, regional, national, or international levels
• These awardees have demonstrated their exemplary performance in academics, athletics, and the arts, and/or represented the school in DepEd recognized activities. 

• The school may also give due recognition to learners who have brought honor to school.

• The actual certificates, medals, trophies and/or plaques received by the learners from the various activities or competition shall be used to publicly affirm and acknowledge the contribution of the awardees in giving honor to the school.

• This will be done during a flag ceremony or in school-awarding ceremony.

How do schools determine awardees?

1. An Awards Committee (AC)  shall be organized by the school head or principal in every school for each grade level  at the beginning of the SY. For small schools, only one (1) AC shall be organized.

2. The committee must be composed of at least three (3) members from the teaching staff, guidance counselor or designated teacher. The total count of committee members should be odd numbers. The chairperson of the AC could be any of the teachers, department head, grade level chairperson, or curriculum head.

3. No member of the AC must be related within

the second degree of consanguinity or affinity

to any of the candidates for awards. 

4.  The AC shall use the report cards and permanent records for Academic Excellence Awards. For other awards, a portfolio of copies of all documents such as DepEd Advisories, written authorization from the school head/principal, certificates, medals, trophies, plaques, accomplishment reports (verified through certifications by proper authorities), and others shall be presented

5.  The report on the results of the AC shall be signed by all members of the committee and certified by the Principal. The Principal shall approve the final list of awardees upon the recommendation of the committee. If the Principal is related within the 2nd degree of consanguinity or affinity to any of the candidates for awards, he/she must inhibit from participating in the process. The approval shall come from the person next in rank.

6. The documents shall be kept in the office of the Principal for ready reference. Copies of the results shall be submitted to the Schools District and Division Offices. The AC, through the Office of the Principal shall release the final list of awardees upon the request of stakeholders for scholarship purposes.

7. The AC, together with the principal, shall determine roles and assign tasks to awardees (e.g. delivery of graduation speech, batch history) for the graduation or school-awarding ceremony.

Reference:

DepEd Order No. 36 Policy Guidelines on Awards and Recognition for the K to 12 Basic Education Program

Choose Your Senior High School Track Wisely

Grade 10 Completers may choose from four Senior High School (SHS) tracks, namely; 
• Academic Track, 
• Technical-Vocational and Livelihood Track, 
• Sports Track, 
• Arts and Design Track

Your 2 years in senior high school will actually prepare you for the following four possible exits after graduation. 
1. Employment, 
2. Entrepreneurship, 
3. Higher Education, 
4. Middle Skills Development

For those who are planning to pursue Higher Education (Bachelor's Degree), choosing the right SHS track will prepare you to your planned Bachelor's Degree in college.

Some of the subjects in SHS sound like college courses but they are meant for high school students. These subjects will prepare you to learn more advanced skills in college, if you decide to go. They will also develop skills you will need if you want to work right after high
school.

To help you properly choose your SHS Track the following table shows the Bachelor's Degree aligned to a particular SHS Track.

ACADEMIC TRACK

A. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING & MATHEMATICS (STEM)

Leading Bachelor's Degree for STEM

B. ACCOUNTANCY & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (ABM)

Leading Bachelor's Degree for ABM

C. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES (HUMSS)

Leading Bachelor's Degree for HUMSS

D. GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND (GAS)

After graduation you qualify for any academic course.

References:

SHS Student Primer. An Introductory Guide to SHS. deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/SHS%20Student%20Primer_Colored%20HiRes.pdf

K to 12 Senior High School Basics

Adapted from DepEd Order No. 41, s. 2015

1. How many years are added to High School because of the Senior
High School Program?

• Answer: two years

2. What are you called when you finished Grade 10 but does not want to
enroll in SHS?

• Answer: Grade 10 completer

3. What are the four exits after finishing SHS?

• Answer: Employment, Entrepreneurship, Higher Education,
Middle Skills Development

4. How much does it cost to enroll in SHS in public schools?

• Answer: none because it’s free

5. Who automatically gets a Voucher for enrolling in a private or non-
DepEd Senior High School?

• Answer: all Grade 10 completers from public schools and all
Grade 10 completers in private high schools who are Education
Service Contracting (ESC) grantees

6. What are the four SHS tracks you can choose from?

• Answer: Academic Track, Technical-Vocational and Livelihood
Track, Sports Track, Arts and Design Track

7. What are the four strands under the Academic Track?

• Answer: Accountancy, Business and Management strand;
Humanities and Social Sciences strand; Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics strand; and General Academic
strand

8. What are the four strands under the TVL Track.

• Answer: Agri-Fishery Arts strand; Home Economics strand;
Industrial Arts strand; and Information and Communications
Technology strand

9. Why is SHS mandatory for all Filipino learners?

• Answer: it is a law that has been signed by the President of the
Philippines

10. What is TESDA’s role in the TVL Track?

• Answer: TVL courses offered may or may not have a National
Certificate (NC) equivalent from the Technical Education and
Skills Development Authority (TESDA).

Reference: 
Appendix A. Questions and Answers, "K to 12 Ready Ka na Ba?" Activity. DepEd Order No. 41, s. 2015. Senior High School Career Guidance Program and Early Registration. Career Guidance Program (Teacher's Guide) p28.